VISUAL FLIGHT - Rules governing the procedures for conducting instrument flight.
The term "VFR" is also used in the United States to indicate weather conditions expressed
in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling less than the minima specified
for visual meteorological conditions [VFR Weather Minimums]. Also a term used by pilots and controllers to indicate
type of flight plan.
FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS
AC 43.13 1B - Airworthy means the aircraft conforms to its type design and is in a condition for safe operation, and only an FAA licensed mechanic can attest to the airworthiness. The mechanic follows the procedures outlined in FAR 43 for the maintenance, preventative maintenance, rebuilding, and alterations of the aircraft in order to maintain the "airworthiness condition" of the aircraft. FAR 43.3(g) - A holder of a pilot certificate issued under part 61 may perform preventive maintenance on any aircraft owned or operated by that pilot which is not used under part 121, 129, or 135. FAR 43.7(f) - A person holding at least a private pilot certificate may approve an aircraft for return to service after performing preventive maintenance. [Appendix A part C 01-32] FAR 43 - Appendix A (c) Preventive maintenance is limited to the following work, provided it does not involve complex assembly operations: (1) Removal, installation, and repair of landing gear tires. (2) Replacing elastic shock absorber cords on landing gear. (3) Servicing landing gear shock struts by adding oil, air, or both. (4) Servicing landing gear wheel bearings, such as cleaning and greasing. (5) Replacing defective safety wiring or cotter keys. (6) Lubrication not requiring disassembly other than removal of nonstructural items such as cover plates, cowlings, and fairings. (7) Making simple fabric patches not requiring rib stitching or the removal of structural parts or control surfaces. (8) Replenishing hydraulic fluid in the hydraulic reservoir. (9) Refinishing decorative coating of fuselage, balloon baskets, wings tail group surfaces (excluding balanced control surfaces), fairings, cowlings, landing gear, cabin, or cockpit interior... (10) Applying preservative or protective material to components where no disassembly of any primary structure or operating system is involved ... (11) Repairing upholstery and decorative furnishings of the cabin, cockpit, or balloon basket interior... (12) Making small simple repairs to fairing, nonstructural cover plates, cowling, and small patches and reinforcements... (13) Replacing side windows where that work does not interfere with the structure or any operating system such as controls, electrical equipment... (14) Replacing safety belts. (15) Replacing seats or seat parts with replacement parts approved for the aircraft, not involving disassembly of any primary structure... (16) Trouble shooting and repairing broken circuits in landing light wiring circuits. (17) Replacing bulbs, reflectors, and lenses of position and landing lights. (18) Replacing wheels and skis where no weight and balance computation is involved. (19) Replacing any cowling not requiring removal of the propeller or disconnection of flight controls. (20) Replacing or cleaning spark plugs and setting of spark plug gap clearance. (21) Replacing any hose connection except hydraulic connections. (22) Replacing prefabricated fuel lines. (23) Cleaning or replacing fuel and oil strainers or filter elements. (24) Replacing and servicing batteries. (25) Cleaning of balloon burner pilot and main nozzles in accordance with the balloon manufacturer's instructions. (26) Replacement or adjustment of nonstructural standard fasteners incidental to operations. (27) The interchange of balloon baskets and burners on envelopes when the basket or burner is designated as interchangeable... (28) The installations of anti-misfueling devices to reduce the diameter of fuel tank filler openings... (29) Removing, checking, and replacing magnetic chip detectors. (30,i,ii), (31), (32)
AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION MANUAL
AIM 1-1 - A CDI (course deviation indicator) centered should read 0° FROM on the OBS (omnibearing selector) or 180° TO when using a VOT. AIM 4-1 - If the cloud base / flight ceiling is above 5,000AGL and visibility is greater than 5NM; ceiling, sky condition, visibility, and obstructions may be omitted from the ATIS broadcast. AIM 4-3-10b - An aircraft is expected to taxi to (but not onto) the end of the assigned runway unless prior approval for an intersection departure is received from ground control. AIM 4-3-10c - Pilots should state their position on the airport when calling the tower for takeoff from a runway intersection (Runway Hold Position Sign and/or Runway Guard Lights) AIM 4-3-11b5 - The minimum visibility for a pilot to receive a land and hold short clearance (LAHSO) is 1,000ft AGL and 3SM visibility [FAR 91.155]. AIM 7-4 - Pilots are requested to maintain a minimum altitude of 2,000ft AGL from National Wildlife Refuges, Big Game Refuges, Game Ranges and Wildlife Ranges administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. AIM 8-1 - Objects may appear father away if flying in haze or other view limiting situations due to a relaxed eye focus of 10-30ft (empty field myopia) WX CH7 - Four basic cloud types are divided into four families; High, Middle, Low, and clouds developing vertically WX CH8 - Steady precipitation preceding a front is an indication of stratiform clouds with little or no turbulence PHAK CH5 - Applying carb heat will decrease air density causing a richer mixture (higher fuel to air ratio). PHAK CH6 - If the Outside Air Temperature (OAT) is warmer than standard the density altitude will be higher than pressure altitude PHAK CH11/AIM 7-1 - Area Forecast (FA) contains information on forecast meteorological conditions, clouds, and general weather conditions over an area the size of several states PHAK CH14 - Add West variation and right wind angle, Subtract East variation and left wind angle. (West is best and Right is right)
FAR [Quick Ref] = [60] Airmen, [70] Airspace, [90] ATC
STANDARD AVIATION PHRASEOLOGY (Left+Click link for EXAMPLES or view PCG for full list)
ABEAM - Your general position approximately 90 degrees to the right or left of the aircraft track from a specified fix, point, or object. ACKNOWLEDGE - Let me know that you have received my message ADVISE INTENTIONS - Tell me what you plan to do AFFIRMATIVE - Yes BLOCKED - Indicate that a radio transmission has been distorted or interrupted due to multiple simultaneous radio transmissions. CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF - Authorization for an aircraft to depart CLEARED FOR THE OPTION - Authorization for touch and go, low approach, missed approach, stop and go, or full-stop landing. CLEARED TO LAND - Authorization for an aircraft to land (based on known traffic and physical airport conditions). CLOSED TRAFFIC - Successive operations involving takeoffs and landings or low approaches where the aircraft does not exit the pattern. EXPEDITE - Prompt compliance is required to avoid an imminent situation FINAL - Aligned with the final approach course FLY HEADING (Degrees) - Specifies the heading/direction the pilot should fly expecting a turn with the shortest degree angle required. FUEL REMAINING - A cautionary advisory to ATC on the fuel remaining (in minutes) on board the aircraft until actual fuel exhaustion. GO AROUND - Instructions for a pilot to abandon their approach to land. VFR aircraft should overfly the runway climbing to traffic pattern altitude and re-enter the crosswind leg. IFR should execute the published missed approach procedure or proceed as instructed by ATC. HAVE NUMBERS - Used by pilots to inform ATC that they have received runway, wind, and altimeter information only (not receipt of ATIS). HEAVY - Alerts air traffic controller that an aircraft generates significant wake turbulence. HOLD FOR - Stay in place; where you are currently located HOW DO YOU HEAR ME? - Questions the quality of radio transmission or reception IDENT - Request for a pilot to activate the aircraft transponder identification feature. IMMEDIATELY - Action compliance is required to avoid an imminent situation MAKE SHORT APPROACH - Informs a pilot to alter his traffic pattern so as to make a short final approach. MAYDAY - Repeated three times indicates imminent and grave danger and immediate assistance is requested. MINIMUM FUEL - Indicates that an aircraft's fuel supply has reached a margin of safety where little to no delay is highly requested. NEGATIVE - No that is not correct NEGATIVE CONTACT - Informs ATC that specified traffic is not in sight OR unable to establish ATC frequency communication. LINE UP AND WAIT - Instructs a pilot to taxi onto the departure runway, line up, and wait. This instruction is not authorization to takeoff. RADAR CONTACT - Informs an aircraft that it is identified and flight following will be provided until radar identification is terminated. RADAR SERVICE TERMINATED - Inform a pilot that he will no longer be provided any radar services. READ BACK - Repeat my message back to me REPORT - Instruct pilots to advise ATC of specified information ROGER - I have received you last transmission. NOT used for a YES/NO question SAY AGAIN - Used to request a repeat of the last transmission SPEAK SLOWER - Request to reduce speech rate during communications. SQUAWK - Specifies setting and activation of modes, codes, and functions on the aircraft transponder. STAND BY - Pause a few seconds before reestablishing communications. It is NOT approval or denial. TRAFFIC HOLDING IN POSITION - Advises other aircraft that traffic has been authorized to "Line Up and Wait" on an active runway. TRAFFIC IN SIGHT - Inform a controller that previously issued traffic is in sight. UNABLE - Inability to comply with a specific instruction, request, or clearance VERIFY - Request confirmation or information WITHOUT DELAY - Proceed with approved instructions in a rapid manner WILCO - I have received your message, understand, and will comply 5-BY-5 - Loud and clear. (PROPER: Bad, Poor, Fair, Good, Excellent) TALLY-HO Aircraft has been sighted (PROPER: Traffic in sight).
STANDARD AVIATION ABBREVIATIONS A-E (Short List)
ACs - Advisory Circulars ADC - Air Data Computer ADF - Automatic Direction Finder ADM - Aeronautical Decision Making process [Situational Awareness, Problem Recognition, Good Judgment] ADs - Airworthiness Directives A/FD - Airport/Facility Directory AFM - Airplane Flight Manual AFSS - Automated Flight Service Station AIM - Aeronautical Information Manual ARTCC - Air Route Traffic Control Center ASI - Airspeed Indicator ASR Approach - Airport Surveillance Radar - [Emergency: 121.5MHz - Monitored by FSS, FAA Radar Facilities, and most Control Towers] ATC - Air Traffic Control ATCRBS - ATC Radar Beacon System CDI - Course Deviation Indicator CFAs - Controlled Firing Areas CFI - Certificated Flight Instructor CFR - The Code of Federal Regulations CIG - Contraction for Cloud Ceilings - cloud bases measured from Above Ground Level. CRM - Crew Resource Management DOT - Department of Transportation DME - Distance Measuring Equipment DUATS - Direct User Access Terminal Service EFAS - En Route Flight Advisory Service - Flight Watch 122.0MHz [<18,000FT] EFD - Electronic Flight Display EGT - Exhaust Gas Temperature ELT - Emergency Locator Transmitters - Transmits on 121.5MHz, 243.0MHz, & 406.0MHz EPR - Engine Pressure Ratio
STANDARD AVIATION ABBREVIATIONS F-Z (Short List)
FA - Area Forecasts FAA - Federal Aviation Administration FBO - Fixed Based Operator FOD - Foreign Object Damage GPS - Global Positioning System HIWAS - Hazardous In-flight Weather Advisory IFR - Instrument Flight Rules LIFR - Low Instrument Flight Rules MEL - Minimum Equipment Lists METAR - Meteorological Aerodrome Report [UPDATED: Hourly] MFD - Multi-Function Display MOAs - Military Operation Areas MTRs - Military Training Routes MVFR - Marginal Visual Flight Rules NEXRAD - Next Generation Weather Radar System NOTAMs - Notices to Airmen NSAs - National Security Areas OBS - Omni Bearing Selector OAT - Outside Air Temperature PIC - Pilot in Command PIREPs - Pilot Weather Reports POH - Pilot’s Operating Handbook RCO - Remote Communications Outlets [relays communication to FSS] REIL - Runway End Identifier Lights RMI - Radio Magnetic Indicator TAF - Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts [UPDATED: 0000z, 0600z, 1200z, and 1800z] TFR - Temporary Flight Restrictions TRSAs - Terminal Radar Service Areas TIBS - Transcribed Information Briefing Service TWEB - Transcribed Weather Broadcast VASI - Visual Approach Slope Indicator VFR - Visual Flight Rules VOR - Very High Frequency (VHF) Omnidirectional Range VSI - Vertical Speed Indicator
COMMON V-SPEED DEFINITIONS:
V1 - takeoff decision speed V2 - takeoff safety speed Va - design maneuvering speed [FAR 25.1583 Full pitch, roll, or yaw controls will stall the aircraft below Va - structural failures above Va] Vb - design speed for maximum gust intensity Vbe - best endurance speed Vbg - best power-off glide speed Vbr - best range speed Vc - design cruise speed Vd - design dive speed Vdf - demonstration dive speed Vf - design flap speed Vfe - maximum flap-extended speed (top of white arc) Vh - maximum speed in level flight with maximum continuous power Vle - maximum landing-gear extended speed Vlo - maximum landing-gear operating speed Vlof - lift-off speed Vmca - minimum control speed with critical engine out, out of ground effect (red radial line) Vmcg - minimum control speed with critical engine out during takeoff run Vmo - maximum operating speed Mmo - maximum operating Mach number Vmu - minimum unstick speed Vne - never-exceed speed Vno - maximum structural cruising speed (top of green arc) Vr - rotation speed Vref - reference speed for final approach, normally (1.3 x Vso) Vso - stall speed in landing configuration (bottom of white arc) Vs1 - stall speed in a specified configuration (bottom of green arc) Vsse - minimum safe single-engine speed Vx - best angle-of-climb speed Vxse - best single-engine angle-of-climb speed Vy - best rate-of-climb speed Vyse - best single-engine rate-of-climb speed
FAR 61.53
I LLNESSES M EDICATIONS S TRESS A LCOHOL F ATIGUE E MOTION / EAT MEAL
P ILOT
A IRCRAFT EN V IRONMENT E XTERNAL PRESSURES C ONSEQUENCES A LTERNATIVES R EALITY E XTERNAL PRESSURES
AIRCRAFT REQUIREMENTS
A IRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATE R EGISTRATION (AIRCRAFT) R ESTRICTED RADIOTELEPHONE OPERATOR PERMIT (OUTSIDE USA) O WNERS MANUAL (PILOTS OPERATING HANDBOOK) W EIGHT & BALANCE S TATE REGISTRATION (AIRCRAFT)
PREFLIGHT INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR FLIGHTS
R UNWAY LENGTHS A LTERNATES W EATHER F UEL REQUIREMENTS A TC DELAYS / TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTIONS T AKEOFF/LANDING DISTANCE DATA
WEATHER BRIEFING
S YNOPSIS A DVERSE CONDITIONS C URRENT WEATHER R E NROUTE FORCAST D ESTINATION TERMINAL FORECAST W INDS ALOFT I N OTAMS D
WEATHER CHARTS
C ONSTANT PRESSURE O P ROGNOSTIC S URFACE ANALYSIS W EATHER DEPICTION A REA FORECAST - FA R ADAR SUMMARY - SD S EVERE WEATHER OUTLOOK - AC
VFR DAY REQUIRED EQUIPMENT - FAR 91.205(b01-b17)
T ACHOMETER - each engine O IL PRESSURE GAUGE - each engine M ANIFOLD PRESSURE GAUGE - each altitude engine A LTIMETER T EMPERATURE GAUGE - each liquid-cooled engine O IL TEMPERATURE GAUGE - each engine F UEL LEVEL GAUGE - each tank F LOTATION GEAR & FLARES - if operated for hire over water L ANDING GEAR POSITION INDICATOR - if retractable gear A IRSPEED INDICATOR M AGNETIC COMPASS - with deviation card E MERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER (ELT) - CFR 91.207 S AFTEY BELTS - including shoulder harnesses certified after 1978 A NTI COLLISION LIGHTS - approved red or white certified after 1995
VFR NIGHT (+DAY) - FAR 91.205(c01-c06)
F USES - three of each value or Circuit Breakers L ANDING LIGHTS - if operated for hire A NTICOLLISION LIGHTS - approved red or white P OSITION LIGHTS - navigation lights S OURCE OF ELECTRICITY - adequate for all equipment
IFR REQUIRED EQUIPMENT - FAR 91.205(d01-d09)
G ENERATOR/ALTERNATOR R ADIOS A TTITUDE B ALL (inclinometer) C LOCK A LTIMETER R ATE OF TURN - Turn and Slip Coordinator D IRECTIONAL GYRO D ME if using VORs at or above FL240
WAYPOINT, FIX, INTERSECTION, CHANGE OF COURSE
T URN - Start Turn To New Heading T IME - Note Time, Start Timer T WIST - Tune/Select New Radio Freq (Identify), Set OBS T HROTTLE - Make Power Changes To Slow Down, Climb Or Descend T ALK - Make Required Reports IFR MANDATORY REPORTS F IXES - Arriving or Leaving A LTITUDE CHANGES M ISSED APPROACH E QUIPMENT - Loss or Problems P ERFORMANCE - Poor Climb / Descend, TAS Change
FLIGHT CLEARANCE / DELIVERY
C LEARANCE LIMIT R OUTING A LTITUDE F REQUENCY (RADIOS) T RANSPONDER CODE S PECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
BEFORE TAKEOFF
C ONTROLS - Free And Correct, Flaps Operable I NSTRUMENTS - Flight And System Instruments Checked G AS - Fuel Tanks Checked And Selected A TTITUDE/TRIM - Set And Check Trim R ADIOS - VOR Check, Set COM And NAV Radios, Transponder S AFETY - Seats, Seat Belts, Security, Doors & Windows B OOST PUMP L IGHTS T RANSPONDER
TAKE OFF
C RAM (POWER) C LIMB (PITCH) C LEAN (DRAG, FLAPS/GEAR UP) C OOL (COWL FLAPS)
ANGLE OF ATTACK = Acute angle formed between the chord line of an airfoil
and relative wind striking those surfaces.
HIGH ANGLE OF ATTACK Indication = ATTITUDE indicator is high (ascending) and VERTICAL SPEED indicator is low (descending). CRITICAL ANGLE OF ATTACK = is the angle of attack which produces maximum lift coefficient for a given surface allowing a wing to stall above this point regardless of airspeed, flight attitude, or weight. Typically 16° to 20° depending on design. As weight is increased more lift is required to achieve maximum lift. Lift Force = ½ * Air Density * Airspeed² * Surface Area * Lift Coefficient VICTOR Airways: These Federal Airways extend from 1,200FT AGL to 17,999ft MSL and has a primary protected obstacle clearance area of 8NM with 4NM on each side of the centerline. FLAPS = Do not increase lift; it allows the same amount of lift to be generated at slower airspeeds. SPIN ENTRY Definition: Maneuvering an aircraft with the ailerons opposite the direction of the turn (uncoordinated flight) as-well-as holding elevator back pressure (the aircraft is flying slower than the speed for which it is trimmed). LEFT TURNING TENDENCY [Propeller Driven - Single Engine] North American built single engine aircraft utilizing a single propeller spins (from the perspective of the pilot) to the right. There are four forces aggregated together turning the airplane to the LEFT during HIGH POWER and LOW SPEEDS. 1) Propeller Rotation - utilizing Newtons law of equal and opposite reaction, the TORQUE of the spinning crank shaft and propeller to the right produces an equal and opposite force to the LEFT (rotational). 2) Spiraling Slipstream (Cork Screw Effect) - is caused by the propeller rotating the airflow clockwise around the fuselage striking the vertical stabilizer on the left side aircraft yawing it to the LEFT. 3) P-Factor (Asymmetric Propeller Loading) - the descending blade (right side of the aircraft) has a higher angle of attack to the relative wind than the ascending blade (left side of the aircraft). Think about wind blowing from left to right, the angle of the aircraft is 45° pointed up towards the wind direction. The descending blade is cutting into the wind while the ascending blade is moving with the wind. The right side of the propeller has more thrust than the left side there by yawing the aircraft to the LEFT. 4) Gyroscopic Precession (tail-wheeled aircraft) - as the tail of the aircraft is raised off of the ground where friction of the tire is no longer effective, a vertical to horizontal force is applied to the spinning propeller (top and bottom). Due to the rotational axis of the propeller torque is redirected 90° perpendicular and horizontal in the direction of rotation (left side of propeller pulls and right pushes) yawing as well as pitching the aircraft to the LEFT. Very High Frequency (VHF) Omnidirectional Range (VOR) are simple devices in operation as-long-as you can visualize your aircraft in relationship to the RADIALS of the VOR. Knowing a few tricks will help you correctly decipher the information. 1) The heading of your aircraft does not affect the Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) only your ground track over time. 2) A radial is defined as a line of Magnetic Bearing extending in a 360° arc FROM a VOR. The radial that is selected via the Omni Bearing Selector (OBS) defines your aircraft's relationship to that radial (In-front of [FROM], Behind [TO], Left, or Right - think of the radial as a super focused spotlight generated by the station pointing ONLY in the direction set by the OBS). 3) The ambiguity indicator [TO-FROM] defines your viewpoint to that radial (are seeing the spot light pointing away from you or are you blinded by it). 4) The VOR 0° radial on the Compass Rose found on charts always points to magnetic north. 5) The VOR indicator instrument has one open circle (your aircraft´s current position) and five solid dots (2° deviation from the selected OBS course).
COMPASS DIP
A CCELERATE N ORTH D ECELERATE S OUTH COMPASS LEAD / LAG N ORTH O PPOSITE S OUTH E XAGGERATED PARTIAL-PANEL COMPASS TURNS U NDERSHOOT N ORTH O VERSHOOT S OUTH
PRE-LANDING CHECKLIST
G AS - Fuel Tank Selection, Fuel Pump On U NDERCARRIAGE - Landing Gear Down M IXTURE - Normally Full Rich (Sea Level, At Least) P ROP - Full Increase (High RPM) S AFETY - Seats, Seat Belts, Cabin Security, Passenger Briefing
ENGINE OUT EMERGENCY
P ITCH FOR BEST GLIDE L ANDING SITE (EASE!) S EAT BELTS T ROUBLESHOOT A PPROACH R ADIOS T URN OFF
SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE
M ILITARY OPERATIONS C ONTROLLED FIRING P ROHIBITED R ESTRICTED A LERT W ARNING N ATIONAL SECURITY
AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION CATEGORIES
T RANSPORT U TILITY R ESTRICTED N ORMAL P ROVISIONAL A CROBATIC L IMITED E XPERIMENTAL
AIRPORT SIGN TYPES
M ANDATORY INSTRUCTION I NFORMATION D ESTINATION D IRECTION L OCATION R UNWAY DISTANCE REMAINING RED AND WHITE = RUNWAY IS IN-SIGHT BLACK SQUARE = YOU ARE THERE YELLOW RAY = POINTS THE WAY RUNWAY BOUNDARY = Identifies entrance to runway from taxiway OUTBOUND DESTINATION = Shows direction to the takeoff runway
NTSB NOTIFICATIONS
P ROPERTY DAMAGE >= $25k - F IRE - In Flight A CCIDENT C OLLISION - In Flight T URBINE FAILURE I LLNESS OF CREW MEMBER O VERDUE AIRCRAFT N O CONTROL - Control failure of Any Sort NOTE: Report filed within 10 days after an accident [NTSB 830.15].
Morse Learner (v2006.2.14) By Wilfred Verkley http://www.wxv.co.nz/morselearner/ is a small computer program for Microsoft Windows to assist in learning and experimenting with international morse code. You can use it to transmit or playback morse messages, practice learning to receive morse characters, practice transmitting morse characters, or practice receiving whole words. Its emphasis is to make learning morse code easy and fun. Requires Microsoft .NET 1.1 framework. HINT: Press F2 to quickly start your practice session. NOTE: Windows XP support only.
Neil Spooner in a Tipsy Nipper over corrected a standard aerobatic stall and how he recovered from his 26 Turn Flat Spin. 1:40min into video clip from LoopTV.Aero
Steve Henry of Caldwell, Idaho shows a dead stick takeoff in his STOL Highlander
Go to deadsticktakeoff.com for more video moments.
WEATHER DATA: Direction of weather, movement, & wind information
PRINTED or published is measured from TRUE NORTH. PIREPS, ASOS, AWOS, & ATIS spoken or VOICE messages are
measured from MAGNETIC NORTH. PRINT = TRUE; VOICE = MAGNETIC;
AIRPORT ADVISORY AREA Area within 10 miles of an airport without an operational control tower, and on which a Flight Service Station is located. TWEB: Transcribed Weather Broadcasts provides continuous aeronautical and meteorological information over certain NDB and VOR facilities including selected route forecasts. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE = Temperature = 20°C (68°F), Air Density = 1.225 kg/m³ (0.0765 lb/cu ft), Altitude = Sea Level, Relative Humidity = 20% STANDARD DATUM PLANE = Pressure altitude indicated when altimeter is set to 29.92 in Hg. ABSOLUTE ALTITUDE = Height above ground level (AGL) TRUE ALTITUDE = Height above mean sea level (MSL) INDICATED ALTITUDE = Altitude shown on the altimeter PRESSURE ALTITUDE [Standard Datum Plane] = Indicated altitude of an altimeter when set to 29.92"Hg (1013 hPa, 14.696psi) Flying from LOW to HIGH pressure, true altitude will be higher than indicated. Flying from HIGH to LOW pressure, true altitude will be lower than indicated. DENSITY ALTITUDE = Pressure altitude corrected for Non-Standard Atmosphere temperature and humidity. HIGH DENSITY ALTITUDE = HIGHER than standard TEMPERATURE and/or HUMIDITY. Flying from COLDER to HOTTER regions, true altitude will be higher than indicated altitude. LOW DENSITY ALTITUDE = LOWER than standard TEMPERATURE and/or HUMIDITY. Flying from HOTTER to COLDER regions, true altitude will be lower than indicated altitude. NAVIGATION: COURSE: Intended direction of travel (Line on map or Point-A to Point-B). HEADING: The magnetic direction the nose of the airplane is pointing. TRACK: The actual path over the surface of earth the aircraft has traveled. PRIMARY Instruments: The instrument that provides the most pertinent information. SUPPORTING Instruments: The instruments that provides quality control and confirms primary instrumentation. NOTE: Proficient instrument pilots utilize the ATTITUDE indicator ¾ of the time during instrument scanning procedures.> HYPOXIA (altitude sickness) reduces the amount of oxygen in the brain causing such symptoms as dizziness, shortness of breath, and mental confusion. affinity hypoxia = failure of the hemoglobin to release oxygen to the tissues, as may occur with a left-shifted oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. anemic hypoxia = reduction of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood as a result of a decrease in the total hemoglobin or an alteration of the hemoglobin constituents. histotoxic hypoxia = impaired utilization of oxygen by tissues, as in cyanide poisoning. hypoxemic(hypoxic) hypoxia = insufficient oxygen reaching the blood, as at the decreased barometric pressures of high altitudes. stagnant hypoxia = failure to transport sufficient oxygen because of inadequate blood flow, as in heart failure. Hazardous Attitudes [Embry Riddle] = Anti-authority ["Don´t tell me!"], Impulsivity ["Do something quickly!"], Invulnerability ["It won´t happen to me!"], Macho ["I can do it!"], Resignation ["What´s the use?"] Certification of Aircraft Category of Aircraft [based upon intended use or operating limitations] Normal, Utility, Acrobatic Class of Aircraft [having similar characteristics of propulsion, flight, or landing] Airplane, Rotorcraft, Glider Certification of Airmen Category of Aircraft [broad classification of aircraft] Airplane, Rotorcraft, Glider, Lighter-than-air Class of Aircraft [having similar operating characteristics] Single Engine Land/Sea, Multi Engine Land/Sea
TIM´s AIR NAVIGATION SIMULATOR
I decided to write this applet in order to learn java - it's my first java applet! I am also considering getting an instrument rating and thought this would be a good way to really sharpen my understanding of air navigation. Please send me your comments! - Tim Carlson (mimatvisidotcom)
WASHINGTON STATE AIRPORT REFERENCE GUIDE
The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) Aviation is responsible for protecting and preserving Washington State’s 139 public use general aviation airports. Airports are a vital part of the communities they serve and are an important part of Washington State’s transportation system.
(Left+Click link for MORE information)
EXPLICIT RUNWAY CROSSING PROCEDURE CHANGE FAA Order N JO 7110.532 Beginning June 30, 2010, controllers will be required to issue explicit instructions to cross or hold short of each runway that intersects a taxi route. "Taxi to" will no longer be used when issuing taxi instructions to an assigned take-off runway. Instructions to cross a runway normally will be issued one at a time. An aircraft or vehicle must have crossed the previous runway before another runway crossing is issued. Exceptions may apply for closely spaced runways. This applies to any runway including inactive or closed runways. Changes will also be made to the AIM and AIP to reflect the new procedures. Never cross a hold line without explicit ATC instructions. If in doubt ASK! Reminder: You may not enter a runway unless you have been: instructed to cross or taxi onto that specific runway; cleared to take off from that runway; or instructed to position and hold on that specific runway.
(Left+Click link for MORE information)
LINE UP AND WAIT PHRASEOLOGY CHANGE FAA Notice JO 7110.754 Beginning on September 30, 2010, the words "Position and Hold" will no longer be used to instruct a pilot to enter the runway and await takeoff clearance. Under the new "Line Up and Wait" phraseology, the controller will:
King County International Airport / Boeing Field (KBFI) - VFR APPROACH
Welcome! King County International Airport—also known as Boeing Field—is one of the busiest primary non-hub airports in the nation. Located just five miles south of downtown Seattle, it averages more than 300,000 operations (takeoffs and landings) each year. In 2001, it was selected by the National Air Transportation Association as one of the "100 Most Needed Airports" in the United States. It is financed by airport tenants´ and customers´ fees, and receives no general tax revenues. Boeing Field ranks among the most successful public investments in state history. The airport serves small commercial passenger airlines, cargo carriers, private aircraft owners, helicopters, corporate jets, and military and other aircraft. It is also home to the Boeing Company’s 737 aircraft flight-test program, along with other Boeing operations. The Museum of Flight is located there, with its wide variety of aircraft and exhibits showcasing aviation history. It is frequently host to celebrities and dignitaries—including the President of the United States—who prefer Boeing Field because of its proximity to downtown Seattle and other commercial areas.
Snoqualmie Valley - East Practice Area [SEATTLE, WA]
VFR TERMINAL AREA CHART - MAY 30 2013 [Click to Download] Meteorological Aerodrome Report [UPDATED: Hourly] Terminal Aerodrome Forecast [UPDATED: 0000z, 0600z, 1200z, and 1800z]
1) Who are you contacting? 2) Who are you? 3) Where are you? 4) What do you want to do?
EXAMPLE ATC COMMUNICATIONS
STANDARD AVIATION ABBREVIATIONS GTK
ASEL - Airplane Single-Engine Land AMEL - Airplane Multi-Engine Land ASES - Airplane Single-Engine Sea AMES - Airplane Multi-Engine Sea AIRMETS - Airmen´s Meteorological Information [VALID: 6 hours] - [SIERRA] = IFR Conditions affecting 50% or more of an area, Mountain obscuration; [TANGO] = Moderate turbulance, Sustained surface winds >30KTS, Low Level wind shear [ZULU] = Moderate icing, Freezing levels SIGMET - Severe Aviation Weather Advisory [VALID: 4 hours] CONVECTIVE SIGMET - Severe Aviation Weather Advisory [VALID: 2 hours] - (Tornadoes, Lines of Thunderstorms, Embedded Thunderstorms, & Very Strong to greater intensity Thunderstorms covering 40% or more with Surface winds of 50KTS+ or ¾" hail or larger). UNUSUAL ATTITUDES - 1) Immediately view the Air Speed Indicator (ASI) execute CORRECTION, 2) view the Turn Coordinator (TC) execute CORRECTION. then 3) Normalize remaining instrumentation. If your ASI is increasing or points toward the left wing - REDUCE POWER, LEVEL WINGS, then RAISE NOSE. If your ASI is decreasing or points toward the nose - ADD POWER, LOWER NOSE, then LEVEL WINGS.
AIRCRAFT INFORMATION
POSITION LIGHTS RED = Port [Left], GREEN = Starboard [Right], WHITE = Tail [Behind] AIRPORT INFORMATION GENERAL Seven Mic Clicks - High Intensity Lights (clicking within 5sec: +5 Medium, +3 Low) [15min Timer] AUNICOM/SUPERAWOS Single Mic Click - Welcome Message Three Mic Clicks - Weather Advisory (clicking within 10sec: +3 Extended Advisories) Four Mic Clicks - Radio Check (record & playback) CONTROL TOWER LIGHTS AIRPLANE ON THE GROUND: Alternating Red and Green - Exercise extreme caution, Flashing green - cleared to taxi, Steady green - cleared for takeoff, Flashing Red - Taxi clear of runway, Steady Red - Stop, Flashing white - Return to starting point, AIRPLANE IN THE AIR: Alternating Red and Green - Exercise extreme caution, Flashing green - Return for landing, Steady Green - Cleared to land, Flashing Red - Do Not Land (Airport unsafe), Steady Red - Continue circling
Luiz Monteiro, LLC d/b/a luizmonteiro.com
As access to the Internet around the globe is increasing and computers are becoming more powerful, learning experiences can be enhanced through rich web-based learning applications. Our site, luizmonteiro.com, helps students learn more on the ground through highly realistic online instrument simulators. These learning tools provide an efficient and cost effective way to meet training objectives in minimal time. Expensive flight time and associated environmentally detrimental carbon emissions are reduced significantly through this approach. Aviation is a rapidly growing, particularly in developing countries, and there is great need for training a new generation of pilots who will fly more sophisticated aircraft in increasingly crowded and complex airspace. We continue to work with the aviation community all over the world in improving and creating new exciting products. Our firm is physically located in sunny Sarasota, Florida, USA.
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DURATION OF CERTAIN MEDICAL CERTIFICATES - Federal Register: July 24, 2008 Docket No. FAA-2007-27812; Amendment Nos. 61-121, 65-52, 67-20, and 183-13
‡‡‡ = (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification)
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AIRMAN KNOWLEDGE TEST GUIDES What is required to become a skilled and effective recreational pilot or private pilot? Although some individuals possess more knowledge and skills than others, no one is a natural-born pilot. Competent pilots become so through study, training, and experience. This knowledge test guide will answer most of your questions about taking a recreational pilot or private pilot knowledge test by covering the following areas: knowledge test eligibility requirements; knowledge areas on the tests; descriptions of the tests; process for taking a knowledge test; validity of airman knowledge test reports; use of test aids and materials; testing procedures for applicants with learning or reading disabilities; cheating or other unauthorized conduct; and retesting procedures. You will find in the Appendices: sample test questions for each category, topics that are tested, a listing of reference/study materials, testing center contact information, and a listing of definitions used through this guide. This guide will help in preparing you to take one or all of the following tests.
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SAMPLE AIRMEN KNOWLEDGE TEST QUESTIONS Airman Knowledge Test Question Bank is a FAA computer-assisted testing system is supported by a series of supplement publications. These publications, available through several aviation publishers, include the graphics, legends, and maps that are needed to successfully respond to certain test items. NOTE: Also select the appropriate Computer Testing Supplements for your course of study.
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PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS Airplane Practical Test Standards book has been published by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to establish the standards for the flight instructor certification practical tests for the airplane category and the single-engine and multiengine classes. FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners shall conduct practical tests in compliance with these standards. Flight instructors and applicants should find these standards helpful in practical test preparation.
SUBPART E -- PRIVATE PILOTS
Sec.61.109 - Aeronautical Experience a) For an airplane single-engine rating. Except as provided in paragraph (k) of this section, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with an airplane category and single-engine class rating must log at least 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.107(b)(1) of this part, and the training must include at least (1) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a single-engine airplane (2) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of night flight training in a single-engine airplane that includes: (i) One cross-country flight of over 100 nautical miles total distance; and (ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower (3) 3 hours of flight training in a single-engine airplane on the control and maneuvering of an airplane solely by reference to instruments, including straight and level flight, constant airspeed climbs and descents, turns to a heading, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, radio communications, and the use of navigation systems/facilities and radar services appropriate to instrument flight (4) 3 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor in a single-engine airplane in preparation for the practical test, which must have been performed within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test (5) 10 hours of solo flight time in a single-engine airplane, consisting of at least: (i) 5 hours of solo cross-country time (ii) One solo cross country flight of 150 nautical miles total distance, with full-stop landings at three points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations (iii) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower k) Permitted credit for use of a flight simulator or flight training device (1) Except as provided in paragraphs (k)(2) of this section, a maximum of 2.5 hours of training in a flight simulator or flight training device representing the category, class, and type, if applicable, of aircraft appropriate to the rating sought, may be credited toward the flight training time required by this section, if received from an authorized instructor (2) A maximum of 5 hours of training in a flight simulator or flight training device representing the category, class, and type, if applicable, of aircraft appropriate to the rating sought, may be credited toward the flight training time required by this section if the training is accomplished in a course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter 3) Except when fewer hours are approved by the Administrator, an applicant for a private pilot certificate with an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift rating, who has satisfactorily completed an approved private pilot course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter, need only have a total of 35 hours of aeronautical experience to meet the requirements of this section Amdt. 61-125, Eff. 4/2/10
Clayton Scott Field / Renton Municipal Airport (KRNT) - VFR APPROACH
The Renton Municipal Airport, owned by the City of Renton, is a general aviation airport which serves Renton and other nearby communities. The airport provides regional aviation services for air charter, air taxi, corporate, business and recreational flyers. It is also an FAA-designated "Reliever" airport, diverting general aviation aircraft traffic from Sea-Tac International Airport. The Airport is used predominately by single-engine piston aircraft, and ranks among the top six airports in the State of Washington in terms of aircraft landings and takeoffs. The Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, located adjacent to the airport, manufactures Boeing 737 aircraft and uses the airport for their initial flights.
FLIGHT PROGRESS STRIP / CLEARANCE DELIVERY (JO 7110.65T - 2.3.2) = Thirty minutes prior to the aircraft´s proposed departure time, the Air Route Traffic
Control Centers (ARTCC) HOCSR Flight Data Processor (FDP) checks the proposed IFR plan and determines whether any preferred departure routes (PDRs) or
preferred arrival routes (PARs) apply to the particular aircraft then transmits an amended proposed flight plan to the nearest departure facility. This
information is distributed to their Flight Data Input / Output (FDIO) system as well as printing a Flight Progress Strip (FPS) incase of computer system failure.
This information is then decimated by clearance delivery where a departure control frequency and transponder code is determined. The first En Route controller
providing separation services obtains a FPS notice shortly after ARTCCs computer systems identifies the aircraft´s transponder code and identification is
transmitting. Secondarily Clearance Delivery controllers may manually enter the departure time into local FDIOs. Subsequent route controllers (low or high) receive
updated flight progress strips approximately 15 to 30 minutes prior to the aircraft entering their sector.
RADAR FLIGHT FOLLOWING / VFR FLIGHT PLANS = The above information applies to IFR flight plans; however, this system can be utilized to assist VFR pilots in requesting radar flight following services prior to airport departure. During VFR flight planing via DUATS or directly with Flight Service Stations (FSS), a request to generate a "Flight Progress Strip for VFR Flight Following" is entered under the Remarks section 11 under the FAA Domestic Flight Planning form. Upon contact with FSS specialist prior to Clearance Delivery these requests are then processed via the ARTCC HOCSR FDP (see above). Upon contact with that nearest air traffic control center all the information is already established for your aircraft including transponder code and departure control frequency. The benefit in using this sequence of events is two fold. 1) it reduces ATC data entry workload prior to establishing flight following (more likely to grant the request), and 2) Reduction of miscommunication and pilot workload within the aircraft. As a tertiary benefit it also provides information to flight tracking services (web or application based) to track your VFR flights world wide. Ohh the possibility to eliminate those 20 frantic voice mails from family members asking have you landed yet!
WASHINGTON STATE AIRPORT CAMERAS
Thank you for using WSDOT Aviation's Airport Web Cameras. Image updates for all cameras are set at 15 minutes. Not only do they provide pilots with a real-time snapshot of what’s going on at the airports, they also provide additional information being reported via an AWOS /ASOS. Weather reports are also available though the NOAA/NWS Web site.
Harrowing stories of tragedy and triumph are brought to life through official reports, transcripts and interviews with the pilots,
air traffic controllers, and survivors of history's most terrifying crashes. From the cockpit to the cabin, from the control room
to the crash scene, we uncover what went wrong, then reveal what's being done to ensure these atrocities
never happen again.
Meteorological Aerodrome Report [UPDATED: Hourly]
[station code] [observation time]
FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS
FAR 1.1 [CATEGORY] - [1] Certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations of AIRMEN, includes a broad 'classification' of aircraft; AIRPLANES, ROTORCRAFT, POWERED-LIFT, GLIDER, LIGHTER-THAN-AIR, WEIGHT-SHIFT-CONTROL, and POWERED PARACHUTE. [2] Certification of AIRCRAFT, includes a grouping of aircraft based upon intended use or 'operating limitations'; TRANSPORT, NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, LIMITED, RESTRICTED, and PROVISIONAL. FAR 1.1 [CLASS] - [1] Certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations of AIRMEN, within an aircraft category having similar operating 'characteristics'; SINGLE ENGINE LAND, SINGLE ENGINE SEA, MULTI-ENGINE LAND, MULTI-ENGINE SEA, GYROPLANES, HELICOPTERS, AIRSHIPS, and FREE BALLOONS. [2] Certification of AIRCRAFT, includes a broad grouping of aircraft having similar 'characteristics' of propulsion, flight, or landing; AIRPLANE, ROTORCRAFT, GLIDER, BALLOON, LANDPLANE, and SEAPLANE. FAR 61.31(e) - No person may act as pilot in command of an airplane that has a retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, unless the person has received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a complex airplane. FAR 61.31(f) - No person may act as pilot in command of an airplane with an engine of more than 200 horsepower, unless the person has received and logged ground and flight training from an authorized instructor in a high-performance airplane. FAR 61.57 - Night flight begins one hour after sunset and ends one hour before sunrise for the purposes of recent experience FAR 61.15 - A written report must be provided to the FAA Civil Aviation Security Division within 60 days if convicted of a DUI. FAR 91.15 - No pilot in command of a civil aircraft may allow any object to be dropped from that aircraft in flight that creates a hazard to persons or property. However, this section does not prohibit the dropping of any object if reasonable precautions are taken to avoid injury or damage to persons or property. FAR 91.205(b12) - If the aircraft is operated for hire over water and beyond power-off gliding distance from shore, approved flotation gear readily available to each occupant and, unless the aircraft is operating under part 121 of this subchapter, at least one pyrotechnic signaling device. FAR 91.205(c) - Are landing lights required for VFR night flying? Answer: NO, only if the aircraft is for hire is a single electric landing light required. FAR 91.211 - No person may operate a civil aircraft at a cabin pressure altitude above 15,000MSL unless each occupant is provided supplemental oxygen. Crew must use supplemental oxygen above 14,000MSL. Crew must use supplemental oxygen above 12,500 - 14,000MSL for any period longer than 30 minutes. FAR 91.403 - An owner / operator is primarily responsible for the airworthiness condition of an aircraft FAR 91.509(a) - No person may take off in an airplane for a flight over water more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest shore unless that airplane is equipped with a life preserver or an approved flotation means for each occupant of the airplane.
BIENNIAL FLIGHT REVIEW SUBPART A - GENERAL
FAR 91.3 (abc) - The pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft and may deviate from any rule of this part to the extent required to meet that emergency. Each pilot in command who deviates from a rule shall, upon the request of the Administrator, send a written report of that deviation to the Administrator. FAR 91.7 (ab) - It is the pilot in command´s responsibility for determining that an aircraft is in condition for safe flight. The pilot in command shall discontinue the flight when unairworthy mechanical, electrical, or structural conditions occur. FAR 91.9 (a) - No person may operate a civil aircraft without complying with the operating limitations specified in the approved Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual, markings, and placards. FAR 91.17 (a1234) - No person may act or attempt to act as a crewmember of a civil aircraft Within 8 hours after the consumption of any alcoholic beverage; while under the influence of alcohol; while using any drug that affects the person's faculties in any way contrary to safety; or while having an alcohol concentration of 0.04 or greater in a blood or breath specimen. FAR 91.21 (a12) - No person may operate, nor may any operator or pilot in command of an aircraft allow the operation of, any portable electronic device on operating certificate; or Any other aircraft while it is operated under IFR. BIENNIAL FLIGHT REVIEW SUBPART B - FLIGHT RULES FAR 91.103 - Each PIC shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available information concerning that flight: 1) Weather reports and forecasts 2) Fuel requirements 3) Alternatives if the planned flight cannot be completed 4) Any known traffic delays advised by ATC 5) Runway lengths at airports of intended use 6) Takeoff and landing distance factoring in airport elevation and runway slope, aircraft gross weight, and wind and temperature. FAR 91.107 (a2) - No pilot may cause to be moved on the surface, take off, or land unless the pilot in command of that aircraft ensures that each person on board has been notified to fasten his or her safety belt and, if installed, his or her shoulder harness. FAR 91.113 (b-g) - The pilot shall give way to that aircraft and may not pass over, under, or ahead of it unless well clear. An aircraft in distress has the right-of-way over all other air traffic. When aircraft of the same category are converging the aircraft to the other's right has the right-of-way. Each aircraft shall alter course to the right when approaching each other head-on. The overtaken vehicle has the right-of-way. Aircraft, while on final approach to land or while landing, have the right-of-way over other aircraft in flight or operating on the surface. The following has the right-of-way in order of category: Balloon, Glider, aircraft towing or refueling other aircraft, Airship, powered parachute, weight-shift-control, airplane or rotorcraft FAR 91.117 (ab) - No person may operate an aircraft below 10,000 feet MSL at an indicated airspeed of more than 250 knots (288 m.p.h.) and aircraft at or below 2,500 feet above the surface within 4 nautical miles of the primary airport of a Class C or Class D airspace area at an indicated airspeed of more than 200 knots (230 mph.) FAR 91.119 (abc) - Except when necessary for takeoff or landing, no person may operate an aircraft below An altitude allowing an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface, Over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement, or over any open air assembly of persons, an altitude of 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000 feet of the aircraft. In general any aircraft may not be operated closer than 500 feet to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure. FAR 91.123 - If a pilot is given priority by ATC in an emergency, a detailed report must be submitted if requested within 48 hours to the manager of that facility. FAR 91.126 (1d) - In class G airspace each pilot of an airplane must make all turns of that airplane to the left unless the airport displays approved light signals or visual markings indicating that turns should be made to the right, in which case the pilot must make all turns to the right. Communications must be established and maintained between that aircraft and the control tower prior to 4 nautical miles from the airport, up to and including 2,500 feet AGL. If the aircraft radio fails in flight, the pilot in command may operate that aircraft and land if weather conditions are at or above basic VFR weather minimums, visual contact with the tower is maintained, and a clearance to land is received. If the aircraft radio fails while in flight under IFR, the pilot must comply with 91.185
BIENNIAL FLIGHT REVIEW SUBPART B - FLIGHT RULES
FAR 91.127 (c) - In class E airspace each pilot of an aircraft must comply with any traffic patterns established for that airport. Communications must be established and maintained between that aircraft and the control tower prior to 4 nautical miles from the airport, up to and including 2,500 feet AGL. If the aircraft radio fails in flight, the pilot in command may operate that aircraft and land if weather conditions are at or above basic VFR weather minimums, visual contact with the tower is maintained, and a clearance to land is received. If the aircraft radio fails while in flight under IFR, the pilot must comply with 91.185 FAR 91.129 (12I) - In class D airspace each person must establish two-way radio communications with the ATC facility prior to entering that airspace and thereafter maintain those communications and as instructed while within that airspace. If the aircraft radio fails in flight under VFR, the pilot in command may operate that aircraft and land if Weather conditions are at or above basic VFR weather minimums; Visual contact with the tower is maintained; and A clearance to land is received. An airplane approaching to land on a runway served by a visual approach slope indicator shall maintain an altitude at or above the glide slope until a lower altitude is necessary for a safe landing. No person may, at any airport with an operating control tower, operate an aircraft on a runway or taxiway, or take off or land an aircraft, unless an appropriate clearance is received from ATC. FAR 91.130 (I-II) - In class C each person from the primary airport or satellite airport with an operating control tower must establish and maintain two-way radio communications with the control tower, and thereafter as instructed by ATC while operating in the Class C airspace area; or from a satellite airport without an operating control tower, must establish and maintain two-way radio communications with the ATC facility having jurisdiction over the Class C airspace area as soon as practicable after departing. Tat aircraft is equipped with the applicable equipment specified in 91.215 FAR 91.131 (1BI-II) - In class B each operator must receive an ATC clearance before operating an aircraft in that area and the pilot in command holds at least a private pilot certificate. The aircraft must be equipped with the applicable operating transponder and automatic altitude reporting equipment FAR 91.135 (abc) - In class A each person operating an aircraft in Class A airspace must receive an ATC clearance and conduct that operation under instrument flight rules (IFR) and maintain two-way radio communications with ATC while operating in Class A airspace FAR 91.139 (c) - When a NOTAM has been issued no person may operate an aircraft, or other device governed by the regulation concerned, within the designated airspace except in accordance with the authorizations, terms, and conditions prescribed in the regulation covered by the NOTAM FAR 91.151 (a) - No person may begin a flight in an airplane under VFR conditions unless there is enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing and assuming normal cruising speed factoring in weather and wind: during the day, to fly after that for at least 30 minutes; or at night, to fly after that for at least 45 minutes. FAR 91.155(b,c,d,2) [BASIC VFR WEATHER MINIMUMS] - No person may enter the traffic pattern of an airport, take off or land an aircraft, under VFR, within the lateral boundaries of the surface areas of Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E airspace designated for an airport unless the ceiling is greater than 1,000ft AGL and ground visibility is greater than 3SM. FAR 91.157 [SPECIAL VFR WEATHER MINIMUMS] - Within Class D airspace at NIGHT: the aircraft and pilot must be certified for instrument flight. Within Class D airspace during the DAY: the pilot needs 1 mile visibility and clear of clouds. FAR 91.167 (a123) - No person may operate a civil aircraft in IFR conditions unless it carries enough fuel to Complete the flight to the first airport of intended landing and fly from that airport to the alternate airport with enough fuel to fly after that for 45 minutes at normal cruising speed FAR 91.175 (a-h) - Each person operating an aircraft shall use a standard instrument approach procedure prescribed for the airport. A descent to landing on the intended runway must be made at a normal rate of descent using normal maneuvers that will allow touchdown to occur within the touchdown zone of the runway of intended landing. Each pilot operating an aircraft shall immediately execute an appropriate missed approach procedure when the aircraft is being operated below MDA or upon arrival at the missed approach point or Whenever an identifiable part of the airport is not distinctly visible to the pilot during a circling maneuver at or above MDA. If RVR minimums for takeoff or landing are prescribed in an instrument approach procedure shall be the visibility minimum for takeoff or landing on that runway. At 100 feet above the touchdown zone elevation of the runway of intended landing and below that altitude, the flight visibility must be sufficient for the following to be distinctly visible and identifiable to the pilot without reliance on the enhanced flight vision system to continue to a landing FAR 91.177 - Except when necessary for takeoff or landing, no person may operate an aircraft under IFR below an altitude of 2,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 4 nautical miles from the course to be flown in mountainous area and 1,000 feet in all other areas
BIENNIAL FLIGHT REVIEW SUBPART B - FLIGHT RULES
FAR 91.185 (bcII-IV) - Unless otherwise authorized by ATC, each pilot who has two-way radio communications failure when operating under IFR shall continue the flight under VFR and land as soon as practicable, If the failure occurs in IFR conditions direct route from the point of radio failure to the fix, route, or airway specified in the vector clearance determined by the route filed in the flight plan BIENNIAL FLIGHT REVIEW SUBPART C - EQUIPMENT, INSTRUMENTS, AND CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FAR 91.207 (1cd) - No person may operate a U.S. registered civil airplane unless an approved automatic type emergency locator transmitter that is in operable condition. Batteries used must be replaced When the transmitter has been in use for more than 1 cumulative hour or when 50 percent of their useful life has expired. The new expiration date for replacing (or recharging) the battery must be legibly marked on the outside of the transmitter and entered in the aircraft maintenance record. No person may operate the aircraft unless the aircraft records contain an entry which includes the date of initial removal, the make, model, serial number, and reason for removing the transmitter, and a placard located in view of the pilot to show "ELT not installed." FAR 91.213 - No person may take off an aircraft with inoperative instruments or equipment installed unless an approved Minimum Equipment List exists for that aircraft and The Minimum Equipment List and the letter of authorization constitute a supplemental type certificate for the aircraft. The inoperative instruments and equipment are Removed from the aircraft, the cockpit control placarded, and the maintenance recorded in accordance with 43.9 of this chapter or Deactivated and placarded "Inoperative." FAR 91.215 - ATC transponder equipment installed must meet the performance and environmental requirements of any class of Mode A or Mode S. This requirement applies to All aircraft in Class A, Class B, and Class C airspace including airspace within 30 nautical miles of an airport listed in appendix D, section 1 from the surface upward to 10,000 feet MSL. Requests for ATC authorized deviations must be made to the ATC facility for operation of an aircraft that is not equipped with a transponder, the request must be made at least one hour before the proposed operation where aircraft with an inoperative transponder to the airport of ultimate destination, including any intermediate stops, or to proceed to a place where suitable repairs can be made or both, the request may be made at any time. BIENNIAL FLIGHT REVIEW SUBPART D - SPECIAL FLIGHT OPERATIONS FAR 91.303 - No person may operate an aircraft in an intentional maneuver involving an abrupt change in an aircraft's attitude, an abnormal attitude, or abnormal acceleration, not necessary for normal flight (acrobatic flight) over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement; open air assembly of persons; Within the lateral boundaries of the surface areas of Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E airspace designated for an airport; Within 4 nautical miles of the center line of any Federal airway; Below an altitude of 1,500 feet above the surface; or When flight visibility is less than 3 statute miles. FAR 91.325 - No person may operate a primary category aircraft carrying persons or property for compensation or hire. BIENNIAL FLIGHT REVIEW SUBPART E - MAINTENANCE, PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE AND ALTERATIONS FAR 91.409 - No person may operate an aircraft unless, within the preceding 12 calendar months, it has had an annual inspection and has been approved for return to service by a certificated mechanic holding an inspection authorization, a certificated airframe repair station, or the manufacturer of the aircraft to supervise or conduct the progressive inspection and inspection of the issuance of an airworthiness certificate. No person may operate an aircraft carrying any person for hire, and no person may give flight instruction for hire in an aircraft which that person provides, unless within the preceding 100 hours of time in service the aircraft has received an annual or 100-hour inspection and been approved for return to service FAR 91.411 - No person may operate an airplane, or helicopter, in controlled airspace under IFR unless within the preceding 24 calendar months, each static pressure system, each altimeter instrument, and each automatic pressure altitude reporting system has been tested and inspected for maximum altitude capability FAR 91.413 - No persons may use an ATC transponder unless, within the preceding 24 calendar months, the ATC transponder has been tested and inspected FAR 91.417 - Registered owner / operator must keep Aircraft Maintenance Records on status of all applicable Airworthiness Directives.
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ICAO INTERNATIONAL FLIGHT PLAN [FAA Form 7233-4] November 15th 2012 In 2012, the Item and Field contents of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Filed Flight Plan (FPL) and related messages were changed. Changes include: Additional alphanumeric qualifiers in Item 10 (Equipment and Capabilities) that reflect enhancements to operational capabilities in ground-based and satellite-based navigation and surveillance equipment. The new qualifiers cover equipment for Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B), Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Contract (ADS-C), and Controller Pilot Data Link Future Air Navigation System (CPDLC-FANS), as well as, several other qualifier additions and deletions. Significant changes to Item 18 (Other Information), including formatting, indicator definitions, specific grammar for special handling, and new Performance Based Navigation (PBN/) qualifiers for Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP). Specific format for aerodromes not listed in the Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP). Delay (DLA), Change (CHG), Cancel (CNL) and Arrival (ARR) message formats.
AIRCRAFT INSPECTION
Instrument Flight Rules 14 CFR § 91.171, 91.411 A - Altimeter / Pitot Static [24 Calendar Months] V - VOR Accuracy [30 Days] Visual Flight Rules 14 CFR § APPX D, E, F, 91.207, 91.413 1 - 100 hour [FAR 91.409 Rental/Instruction] A - Annual / Airworthiness Directives [12 Calendar Months] T - Transponder [24 Calendar Months] E - ELT [12 Calendar Months] GPS / RNAV - Navigation Databases - Required for IFR [28 Days]
Episode 1
The new recruits come face to face with the challenges that flying in Indonesia presents: Captain George is the first pilot to land on a runway that's taken 14 years to cut into the side of a mountain Episode 2 Captain Sam Quinn finds himself in the middle of a dispute as he delivers much needed supplies to remote Papuan tribespeople. But when bows and arrows are drawn, he makes a swift exit. Episode 3 Captain Matt Dearden battles severe turbulence to deliver tribespeople to their loved ones, while Captain Dave Burns finds himself sandwiched between a storm and an active volcano Episode 4 Captain Matt Dearden faces a tough landing in Papua, an argument between local tribes and a dispute that threatens to turn in to a mass rock fight |
Experimental GRIDDED LAMP Images
LAMP is a statistical system which provides forecast guidance for sensible weather elements. The LAMP system was originally designed to update the NGM MOS by using the most recent surface observations, simple locally run model output, and the NGM MOS guidance itself. This system was implemented at the National Weather Service (NWS) Weather Forecast Offices (WFO) in the late 1990's. LAMP has now been redeveloped to update the more modern GFS MOS guidance. The current status is that LAMP updates GFS MOS on an hourly basis, is run on National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) computers and disseminated centrally from NCEP, and provides guidance for over 1500 stations as well as thunderstorm guidance on a 20-km grid out to 25 hours. FORECAST: Ceiling Height (hundreds of feet), Total Sky Coverage, Wind Direction & Speed.
Global Forecast System (GFS)
A global numerical weather prediction system containing a global computer model and variational analysis run by the NWS. This mathematical model is run four times a day and produces forecasts up to 16 days in advance, but with decreasing spatial and temporal resolution over time
ACTIVE WEATHER MAP
WSI has the world´s largest commercial meteorological database, incorporating U.S. National Weather Service, U.S. military, Canadian, British, and Japanese governments, other international agencies, and commercial vendors. WSI has extensive data collection facilities for NEXRAD, satellite, NWP models, lightning, and other meteorological data. NEXRAD data received via the NWS Central Radar Distribution System and also through NOAAport as a redundant path. To support the volume of inbound data needed to create the variety of products supplied by WSI, WSI manages 21 on-site satellite dishes.
EXTENDED FORECAST
WSI has the world´s largest commercial meteorological database, incorporating U.S. National Weather Service, U.S. military, Canadian, British, and Japanese governments, other international agencies, and commercial vendors. WSI has extensive data collection facilities for NEXRAD, satellite, NWP models, lightning, and other meteorological data. NEXRAD data received via the NWS Central Radar Distribution System and also through NOAAport as a redundant path. To support the volume of inbound data needed to create the variety of products supplied by WSI, WSI manages 21 on-site satellite dishes.
HOURLY FORECAST
WSI has the world´s largest commercial meteorological database, incorporating U.S. National Weather Service, U.S. military, Canadian, British, and Japanese governments, other international agencies, and commercial vendors. WSI has extensive data collection facilities for NEXRAD, satellite, NWP models, lightning, and other meteorological data. NEXRAD data received via the NWS Central Radar Distribution System and also through NOAAport as a redundant path. To support the volume of inbound data needed to create the variety of products supplied by WSI, WSI manages 21 on-site satellite dishes.
SEVERE WEATHER MAP: WATCHES & WARNINGS
AccuWeather, established in 1962, is the World´s Weather Authority. Providing local forecasts for everywhere in the United States and over two million locations worldwide. Providing our products and services to more than 175,000 paying customers in media, business, government and institutions. Headquartered in State College, PA, is home to the greatest number of forecast meteorologists in one location anywhere in the world.
FORECAST MAPS
AccuWeather, established in 1962, is the World´s Weather Authority. Providing local forecasts for everywhere in the United States and over two million locations worldwide. Providing our products and services to more than 175,000 paying customers in media, business, government and institutions. Headquartered in State College, PA, is home to the greatest number of forecast meteorologists in one location anywhere in the world.
WEATHER MAPS
AccuWeather, established in 1962, is the World´s Weather Authority. Providing local forecasts for everywhere in the United States and over two million locations worldwide. Providing our products and services to more than 175,000 paying customers in media, business, government and institutions. Headquartered in State College, PA, is home to the greatest number of forecast meteorologists in one location anywhere in the world.
ENHANCED SATELLITE
AccuWeather, established in 1962, is the World´s Weather Authority. Providing local forecasts for everywhere in the United States and over two million locations worldwide. Providing our products and services to more than 175,000 paying customers in media, business, government and institutions. Headquartered in State College, PA, is home to the greatest number of forecast meteorologists in one location anywhere in the world.
WEATHER RADAR
AccuWeather, established in 1962, is the World´s Weather Authority. Providing local forecasts for everywhere in the United States and over two million locations worldwide. Providing our products and services to more than 175,000 paying customers in media, business, government and institutions. Headquartered in State College, PA, is home to the greatest number of forecast meteorologists in one location anywhere in the world.
The Experimental Aviation Digital Data Service (ADDS), showcases new aviation weather products, innovative
visualizations, and data services. ADDS is a free public service produced by the National Center for Atmospheric
Research (NCAR) with funding provided by the FAA's Aviation Weather Research Program (AWRP) and the NextGen Network
Enabled Weather (NNEW) program.
STUDENT PILOTS: This tool will defiantly assist you with your Go-No-Go decision based on VFR Weather Minimums and Flight Planning. This java application was designed to assist flights for Helicopter Emergency Medical Services. It features ceiling and visibility data, base and reflective radar tools, convection data, high resolution GIS Data, and saved views. This tool has been designed and focused on low altitude flying information and is a perfect tool for disseminating VFR, MVFR, IFR, and LIFR flight conditions outside of primary controlled airspaces [B,C,D].
The Experimental Aviation Digital Data Service (ADDS), showcases new aviation weather products, innovative
visualizations, and data services. ADDS is a free public service produced by the National Center for Atmospheric
Research (NCAR) with funding provided by the FAA's Aviation Weather Research Program (AWRP) and the NextGen Network
Enabled Weather (NNEW) program.
This is the most comprehensive tool available. It provides all of the features and datasets of the other tools and more! It displays icing, turbulence, ceiling, visibility, temperature, winds, humidity, radar, satellite, AIRMETs, PIREPs, METARs, and TAFs. All 3D data are shown both horizontally and vertically and can be animated in time. The Flight Path Tool lets you create vertical cross-sections along your flight route. It also allows you to see meteorograms of observed and forecasted conditions for any surface station. QUICK SAVE: [[View]]»[Save View (Name)] then [[View]]»[Default View (Select Name)] Java 7 Update 25 [Highly Recommended]
Leidos, formerly known as Science Applications International Corporation, is an American defense, aviation, information technology, and biomedical research company headquartered in Reston, Virginia, that provides scientific, engineering, systems integration, and technical services.
TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTIONS (TFR)
is a type of Notices to Airmen (NOTAM). A TFR defines an area restricted to air travel due to a hazardous condition, a special event, or a general warning for the entire FAA airspace. The text of the actual TFR contains the fine points of the restriction.
TERMINAL PROCEDURES PUBLICATION
The TPP is a 26 volume set of printed paper books containing Instrument Approach Procedure charts (IAP), Departure Procedure charts (DP), Standard Terminal Arrival charts (STAR), and Airport Diagrams. Also included are Take-Off, Radar, and Alternate Minima textual procedures. d -TPP is a presentation of the same data as the TPP only in a digital format. Each single page chart as listed above is presented in d -TPP as an individual PDF file. The minima textual data are presented as multi-page PDFs covering the minimum sections of each of the 26 printed TPP volumes.
AIRPORT/FACILITY DIRECTORY
The A/FD is a 7 volume set plus Alaska and Pacific Territories of printed paper books containing data on public and joint use airports, seaplane bases heliports, VFR airport sketches, NAVAIDs, communications data, weather data sources, airspace, special notices, and operational procedures. The seven volumes cover the conterminous United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The Airport/Facility Directory includes data that cannot be readily depicted in graphic form: e.g., airport hours of operation, types of fuel available, runway data, lighting codes, etc.
VFR TERMINAL AREA RASTER AERONAUTICAL CHARTS
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Terminal Area Raster Chart series is designed to meet the needs of users who require georeferenced raster images of FAA Visual Flight Rules,(VFR) 1:250,000 scale Terminal Area Charts (TAC). A raster Terminal Area Chart is a scanned image of an FAA Terminal Area Chart.
SECTIONAL RASTER AERONAUTICAL CHARTS
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Sectional Raster Aeronautical Chart series is designed to meet the needs of users who require georeferenced raster images of FAA Visual Flight Rules (VFR) sectional charts. A raster sectional aeronautical chart is a scanned image of an FAA sectional chart.
WORLD RASTER AERONAUTICAL CHARTS
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) world raster aeronautical chart series is designed to meet the needs of users who require georeferenced raster images of FAA visual flight rules world charts. A raster world aeronautical chart is a scanned image of an FAA world chart.
IFR ENROUTE AERONAUTICAL CHARTS (LOW, HIGH, AREA)
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) IFR Enroute Aeronautical Chart series is designed to meet the needs of users who require a digital version chart.
RunwayFinder is a flight planning resource for U.S. pilots, showing current weather conditions for airports in an area at a glance displayed on seamless sectional and terminal charts. In addition, routes, range circles, and temporary flight restrictions (TFRs) can be plotted. This site is for information purposes only. Official FAA-sanctioned sources should be consulted prior to flight. The charts have been transformed from their original projection to match the Mercator projection of Google Maps. Distances and great circle paths are not preserved. The charts should not be used for navigation.
SkyVector.com was founded in 2005 by a web developer who was learning to fly. Since then it has grown in popularity to become the number one internet destination for aeronautical charts. SkyVector is not an official source of flight information and should not be used for navigation.
FAA Information, Airport Operations, Airport Communications, Nearby Radio Navigation Aids, Airport Services, Runway Information, Airport Ownership and Management from official FAA records, Airport Operational Statistics
For over 75 years, Jeppesen have been helping aviation professionals worldwide reach their destinations safely and efficiently. Today, we build on those roots by offering an ever-expanding array of innovative informational products, services, and software—not only to our air transportation partners, but also to a growing lineup of sea and land transportation partners. Flight weather for the aviation professional and enthusiast for over 20 years. Our weather maps combine the latest data from National Weather Service, NEXRAD radar mosaics, and GOES Satellite imagery, along with analyses and forecasts from our staff of professional aviation meteorologists.
[D (60-67)] Airmen; [E (71-77)] Airspace; [F (91-105)] Air Traffic and General Operating Rules;
[G (119-139)] Air Carriers and Operators for Compensation or Hire: Certification and Operations Justia is focused on making legal information, resources and services easy to find on the Internet. The company provides Internet users with free case law, codes, regulations, legal articles and legal blog databases, as well as community resources. Justia works with educational, public interest and other socially focused organizations to bring legal and consumer information to the online community. The Justia team is comprised of computer scientists, lawyers, librarians and marketing professionals with over 100 years of legal online and engineering development experience.
[A (01-03)] Definitions; [B (11-17)] Procedural Rules; [C (21-49)] Aircraft
Justia is focused on making legal information, resources and services easy to find on the Internet. The company provides Internet users with free case law, codes, regulations, legal articles and legal blog databases, as well as community resources. Justia works with educational, public interest and other socially focused organizations to bring legal and consumer information to the online community. The Justia team is comprised of computer scientists, lawyers, librarians and marketing professionals with over 100 years of legal online and engineering development experience.
AIRCRAFT RADIO SERVICE (47 CFR Part 87)
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent United States government agency. The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite and cable. The FCC´s jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. possessions. You must obtain an FCC Aircraft Radio Station License [FCC CORES: AC - Aircraft] if you make international flights or communicate with foreign stations Form FCC 605 - Schedule C, is a supplementary schedule for use with the FCC Quick-Form Application for Authorization in the Ship, Aircraft, Amateur, Restricted and Commercial Operator, and the General Mobile Radio Services. This schedule is used to supply information for authorizations in the Aircraft Radio Service (Part 87). The FCC 605 Main Form must be filed in conjunction with this schedule.
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA´s) major roles and responsibilities: Regulating civil aviation to promote safety, Encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation technology, Developing and operating a system of air traffic control and navigation for both civil and military aircraft, Researching and developing the National Airspace System and civil aeronautics, Developing and carrying out programs to control aircraft noise and other environmental effects of civil aviation, Regulating U.S. commercial space transportation
Founded in March of 2005, FlightAware was the first company to offer free flight tracking services for both private and commercial air traffic in the United States. FlightAware launched public operations in late 2005 and quickly became the most popular flight tracking service in the world. FlightAware provides live flight data, airport information, weather maps, flight planning, and navigation charts, as well as aviation news and photos to over two million users a month. FlightAware also powers operational management and dispatch software, airport flight information displays (FIDS), and provides reporting data to aircraft and airport operators.
The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration does not publish a list of "approved" medications for pilots. However, FAR 61.53, 67.113, 67.213, 67.313 and 91.17 preclude flying while having a condition or taking a medication that might affect flight safety. The following link contains medication information specific for Air Traffic Control duty (note that even if allowed for ATCS duty, medication use must be reported to the Regional Flight Surgeon before return to controlling). Consult a AMAS physician if you have a question about a specific medication or need a full explanation of the current FAA policy.
ADVANCED AVIONICS HANDBOOK
The Advanced Avionics Handbook is a new publication designed to provide general aviation users with comprehensive information on advanced avionics equipment available in technically advanced aircraft. This handbook introduces the pilot to flight operations in aircraft with the latest integrated "glass cockpit" advanced avionics systems.
AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION MANUAL
This manual is designated to provide the aviation community with basic flight information and ATC procedures for use in the National Airspace System (NAS) of the United States. An international version called the Aeronautical Information Publication contains parallel information, as well as specific information on the international airports for use by the international community. This manual contains the fundamentals required in order to fly in the United States NAS. It also contains items of interest to pilots concerning health and medical facts, factors affecting flight safety, a pilot/controller glossary of terms used in the ATC System, and information on safety, accident, and hazard reporting.
AIR QUALITY HANDBOOK
This handbook is a comprehensive guide intended to assist the air quality analyst/environmental specialist in assessing the air quality impact of Federal Aviation Administration and the United States Air Force actions at airports and air bases. It provides guidance, procedures and methodologies for use in carrying out such assessments.
AVIATION INSTRUCTOR´S HANDBOOK
Designed for ground instructors, flight instructors, and aviation maintenance instructors, the Aviation Instructor´s Handbook was developed by the Flight Standards Service, Airman Testing Standards Branch, in cooperation with aviation educators and industry to help beginning instructors understand and apply the fundamentals of instruction. This handbook provides aviation instructors with up-to-date information on learning and teaching, and how to relate this information to the task of teaching aeronautical knowledge and skills to students. Experienced aviation instructors will also find the updated information useful for improving their effectiveness in training activities. While this handbook primarily uses the traditional term "student" to denote someone who is seeking certification in aviation, the accepted term in educational psychology is "learners."
BANNER TOW OPERATIONS
This publication is presented as an information guide for banner tow operations, to promote safe operations through careful preparation and planning. For preparation and planning, administrative concerns are also addressed.
INSTRUMENT FLYING HANDBOOK
This Instrument Flying Handbook is designed for use by instrument flight instructors and pilots preparing for instrument rating tests. Instructors may find this handbook a valuable training aid as it includes basic reference material for knowledge testing and instrument flight training. This handbook conforms to pilot training and certification concepts established by the FAA. There are different ways of teaching, as well as performing, flight procedures and maneuvers and many variations in the explanations of aerodynamic theories and principles. This handbook adopts selected methods and concepts for instrument flying. The discussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used practices and principles. All of the aeronautical knowledge and skills required to operate in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) are detailed. Chapters are dedicated to human and aerodynamic factors affecting instrument flight, the flight instruments, attitude instrument flying for airplanes, basic flight maneuvers used in IMC, attitude instrument flying for helicopters, navigation systems, the National Airspace System (NAS), the air traffic control (ATC) system, instrument flight rules (IFR) flight procedures, and IFR emergencies. Clearance shorthand and an integrated instrument lesson guide are also included.
INSTRUMENT PROCEDURES HANDBOOK
Designed as a technical reference for professional pilots who operate under instrument flight rules (IFR) in the National Airspace System (NAS). It expands on information contained in the FAA-H-8083-15, Instrument Flying Handbook, and introduces advanced information for IFR operations. Instrument flight instructors, instrument pilots, and instrument students will also find this handbook a valuable resource since it is used as a reference for the Airline Transport Pilot and Instrument Knowledge Tests and for the Practical Test Standards. It also provides detailed coverage of instrument charts and procedures including IFR takeoff, departure, en route, arrival, approach, and landing. Safety information covering relevant subjects such as runway incursion, land and hold short operations, controlled flight into terrain, and human factors issues also are included.
INTERNATIONAL FLIGHT INFORMATION MANUAL
is an on-line pre-flight and planning guide for use by U.S. non-scheduled operators and business and private aviators flying outside of the United States. Planning guidance also is provided for international flights entering, exiting, and operating in the U.S. airspace. The accuracy and currency of information for some of the countries contained in this guide is uncertain due to the difficulty in obtaining the information and the rapidly changing world environment. Because the Federal Aviation Administration has not been able to verify the information provided by sources in other countries, aviators should always check with a country's aviation authority or a local aviation handler when planning a trip outside of the United States.
PILOT SAFETY BROCHURES
Pilot Safety Brochures are prepared for both general aviation and commercial pilots.
PILOT´S HANDBOOK OF AERONAUTICAL KNOWLEDGE
The Pilot´s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge provides basic knowledge that is essential for pilots. This handbook introduces pilots to the broad spectrum of knowledge that will be needed as they progress in their pilot training. Except for the Code of Federal Regulations pertinent to civil aviation, most of the knowledge areas applicable to pilot certification are presented. This handbook is useful to beginning pilots, as well as those pursuing more advanced pilot certificates. It is essential for persons using this handbook to become familiar with and apply the pertinent parts of 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM).
PLANE SENSE / GENERAL AVIATION INFORMATION
introduces aircraft owners and operators, or prospective aircraft owners and operators, to basic information about the requirements involved in acquiring, owning, operating, and maintaining a private aircraft. This handbook can be a valuable reference tool for anyone who would like to review the "nuts and bolts" of aircraft ownership. Aircraft owners and operators, or anyone considering aircraft ownership, should be familiar with Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR), which details regulations for aircraft owners, operators, pilots, aircraft mechanics, and maintenance providers. Since the requirements can be updated and the regulations can change, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) recommends that you contact your nearest FAA Flight Standards District Office (FSDO), where the personnel can assist you with the various requirements for aircraft ownership, operation, and maintenance. The FAA has also added information for aviation enthusiasts who own (or are interested in owning) lightsport aircraft, a new and evolving sector of the general aviation marketplace. This handbook highlights regulations and regulatory guidance material, as well as providing advice regarding where to locate answers to your questions. While Plane Sense cannot cover every issue faced by aircraft owners and operators, this handbook is intended to be a useful guide and will help you locate the resources to assist you.
RISK MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK
This handbook is a tool designed to help recognize and manage risk. It provides a higher level of training to the pilot in command (PIC) who wishes to aspire to a greater understanding of the aviation environment and become a better pilot. This handbook is for pilots of all aircraft from Weight-Shift Control (WSC) to a Piper Cub, a Twin Beechcraft, or a Boeing 747. A pilot´s continued interest in building skills is paramount for safe flight and can assist in rising above the challenges which face pilots of all backgrounds.
SYSTEM SAFETY HANDBOOK
was developed for the use of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) employees, supporting contractors and any other entities that are involved in applying system safety policies and procedures throughout FAA. As the Federal agency with primary responsibility for civil aviation safety, the FAA develops and applies safety techniques and procedures in a wide range of activities from NAS modernization, to air traffic control, and aircraft certification. On June 28, 1998, the FAA Administrator issued Order 8040.4 to establish FAA safety risk management policy. This policy requires all the Lines of Business (LOB) of the FAA to establish and implement a formal risk management program consistent with the LOB´s role in the FAA. The policy reads in part: "The FAA shall use a formal, disciplined, and documented decision making process to address safety risks in relation to high-consequence decisions impacting the complete life cycle." This handbook is intended to support system safety and safety risk management throughout the FAA. It does not supercede regulations, or other procedures or policies; however, this handbook provides best practices in system safety engineering and management. When these regulations or procedures exist, this handbook will indicate the reference and direct the reader to that document. If a conflict exists between the SSH and FAA policies and regulations, the policies and regulations supercede this document. However, if results of analysis using the tools and techniques in this SSH identify policy or regulatory issues that conflict with existing FAA policies and regulations, the issues should be brought to the attention of the Office of System Safety (ASY), and consideration should be given to changing the policy or regulation. This handbook is also intended to provide guidance to FAA contractors who support the FAA by providing systems and/or analyses. This handbook does not supercede the specific contract, but can be referenced in the statement of work or other documents as a guide.
STUDENT PILOT GUIDE
This publication is intended to serve as a guide for prospective student pilots and for those already engaged in flight training. This guide presents in "how to" fashion, general procedures for obtaining FAA student pilot, sport pilot, recreational pilot, and private pilot certificates. There are many references to FAA Flight Standards District Offices (FSDOs) and through the FSDOs, contact is maintained between the FAA and the general aviation public. The FAA inspectors at your local FSDO are professionally trained and are prepared to advise and assist you toward reaching your goal as a pilot.
PILOT/CONTROLLER GLOSSARY
This Glossary was compiled to promote a common understanding of the terms used in the Air Traffic Control system. It includes those terms which are intended for pilot/controller communications. Those terms most frequently used in pilot/controller communications are printed in bold italics. The definitions are primarily defined in an operational sense applicable to both users and operators of the National Airspace System. Use of the Glossary will preclude any misunderstandings concerning the system’s design, function, and purpose.
GENERAL AVIATION PILOT´S GUIDE
The abundance of weather information available to today´s pilots can make it difficult to screen out non-essential data, focus on key facts, and correctly evaluate the risk from a given set of circumstances. This Guide uses the Perceive Process Perform framework to help general aviation (GA) pilots develop skills in obtaining appropriate weather information, interpreting the data in the context of a specific flight, and applying the information and analysis to make safe weather flying decisions. The goal is to: Perceive weather hazards that could adversely affect your flight. Process this information to evaluate risk and identify options. Perform by acting to mitigate or eliminate the risk. The guide is organized by the three phases of flight: Pre-Flight, In-Flight, Post-Flight.
Dave Pascoe originally launched LiveATC.net as a small place on the web to share live air traffic communications
from Boston's Logan Airport. Since then it has grown rapidly and become a popular resource for those who enjoy
listening to and talking about Air Traffic Control (ATC)...aviation enthusiasts, student pilots, student air
traffic controllers, flight simulation enthusiasts, FBO operators, airline operators, and just about anyone
with an interest in aviation communications. It's even used by nervous flyers who want to simply get a peek
into a world they don't normally get to experience (unless they're already flying on United Airlines and listening
to Channel 9). LiveATC.net, a listener - and advertising - supported site, is growing rapidly and is obsessed with
providing live ATC radio traffic from every corner of the world.
RUNWAY SAFETY - PUBLICATIONS
The following products are produced by the FAA’s Runway Safety Office and other international aviation safety organizations.
Flightwise is the most advanced free flight tracker on the Internet. Quickly access tracking data for any
aircraft or flight on an IFR flight plan with a fast, efficient interface that lets you get to the information
you need quickly. Pull up detailed specifics on any of the last 10 flights, or subscribe to our premium flight
tracking services for access to our long-term archives with data from as early as November of 2001. Track single
flights or entire fleets. Free flight planning engine allows users to quickly create and access flight plans
online. Store them online and file them whenever you're ready; print out approach charts, get aviation weather
including textual Digital ATIS, and you're ready for takeoff.
Center Weather Service Unit Map [CWSU]
Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts [TAFS] & Meteorological Aerodrome Report [METARS] CWSU meteorologists provide formal weather briefings to FAA supervisors within the Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) for the day and evening shifts. Verbal briefings are given to individual controllers at the ARTCC and tower control facilities, as well as to equipment technicians when weather conditions dictate. Two types of written products are also provided by the CWSU meteorologists. The Meteorological Impact Statement (MIS) is a 4 to 12 hour planning forecast of weather conditions expected to impact the air traffic. The Center Weather Advisory (CWA) is a short-term warning of hazardous weather conditions provided to all aviation interests, including private pilots, towers, flight service stations, and commercial airlines. Thus, a CWA is similar to but more localized than Airmets and Sigmets issued by the Aviation Weather Center (AWC) in Kansas City, Missouri. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is a federal agency focused on the condition of the oceans and the atmosphere. It encompasses the Aviation Digital Data Service (ADDS) that makes available to the aviation community text, digital and graphical forecasts, analyses, and observations of realtime aviation-related weather variables.
A new online source of VFR and IFR seamless aeronautical charts, Airport / Facility Directory, and other aviation data. The
UI is fairly spartan at the moment, but we plan on adding more features over time, starting with real-time weather
updates and instrument approach plates. We paid special attention to getting this site work well in mobile
browsers. Try us on your Android phone, iPhone, or iPad (or click here to see some screenshots). For help
and to learn more about the features of this site, please see the help page. Remember to always consult
official FAA sources for flight planning. While we do our best to keep information on vfrmap.com accurate and
up-to-date, this site is no substitute for paper charts or proper preflight briefings.
This database provides you with all Airworthiness Directives (ADs) issued by the FAA which are still in effect -- some
date back to the 1940's. You can quickly view recently published data in this database. ADs can be searched by any word
or group of words; or viewed by Number or Make. It is also possible to view historical AD information to see old or
cancelled ADs. Note: To ensure you get accurate results when searching for a list of applicable AD's on a particular
aircraft model, also search against the installed engine, propeller, and appliances. In addition, view the "All [product]
models" or "[product] Series (All)" (i.e. 777 Series (All)) listings to determine if there are any other ADs that apply
to your product.
This database is a searchable repository of all aviation safety Advisory Circulars (ACs). You can look at the most current
ACs by their AC Number, or Regulatory Part Number (CFR, CAR...). It is also possible to view historical AC information to
see old or cancelled ACs.
Localized Aviation Model Output Statistics Program [LAMP]
LAMP is a statistical system which provides forecast guidance for sensible weather elements. The LAMP system was originally designed to update the NGM MOS by using the most recent surface observations, simple locally run model output, and the NGM MOS guidance itself. This system was implemented at the National Weather Service (NWS) Weather Forecast Offices (WFO) in the late 1990's. LAMP has now been redeveloped to update the more modern GFS MOS guidance. The current status is that LAMP updates GFS MOS on an hourly basis, is run on National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) computers and disseminated centrally from NCEP, and provides guidance for over 1500 stations as well as thunderstorm guidance on a 20-km grid out to 25 hours. LOOPING FORECAST: Ceiling Height (hundreds of feet), Visibility, Temperature, Temperature Error, Dew Point, Dew Point Error.
LOCALIZED WEATHER - Outlook, Radar, Forecast & Information
In the early days of television, meteorologists used magnetic chalkboards to show viewers the weather conditions. Presenting a forecast meant moving magnets around the board, then drawing frontal boundaries and temperatures by hand. This method was the standard for broadcasting weather, even into the '60s and '70s. In 1974, an enterprising meteorologist in Madison, Wisconsin suggested that computer technology might be useful in the forecasting business. Terry Kelly and his collaborator bought an Apple II, and their company, Weather Central, ushered in a new era of computerized weather information. Weather Central continues to innovate in the broadcasting arena, and now brings MyWeather.com directly to you. Our approach What makes our approach to online weather different?
ADSBexchange.com, the worlds largest co-op of ADS-B/Mode S/MLAT feeders, and the world’s largest public source of unfiltered flight data. Access
to worldwide flight tracking data opens up a whole new world of flight monitoring for hobbyists, researchers, and journalists alike.
ADS-B Exchange does not participate in the filtering performed by most other flight tracking websites which do not share data on military or certain private aircraft. Because ADS-B Exchange does not use any FAA data there are no FAA BARR/LADD, military, or other “filters” preventing you from seeing the the data you collected. ADS-B Exchange simply does not accept payment or requests to remove aircraft from public tracking! Second, we are a community. The data we have comes from volunteers, which is supplied back to the community through APIs. Donations are appreciated as they are used to help cover the costs of the infrastructure, archive, and all of the great things you see when using our site.
NOTICES TO AIRMEN PUBLICATION
The main references for changes to the National Airspace System (NAS) are the Aeronautical Charts and the Airport/Facility Directories (AFD). Most changes to the NAS meeting NOTAM criteria are known sufficiently in advance to be carried in these publications. When this cannot be done, changes are carried in the Notices to Airmen publication (NTAP) and/or the Service A telecommunications system as a NOTAM D item.
AIRMEN CERTIFICATION BRANCH
Effective March 5, 2008, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) requires the following certificate holders who operate internationally to have a certificate stating that the holder is proficient in the use of the English language: Private, commercial, and Airline Transport Pilots with powered aircraft ratings, Flight engineers and flight navigators, and Control tower operators. The ability to read, speak, write, and understand English is already a U.S. regulatory eligibility requirement; the FAA Registry began issuing all new certificates with this endorsement on February 11, 2008. The U.S. has notified ICAO that it filed a difference that will extend the U.S. compliance date until March 5, 2009, in order to provide sufficient time for all affected U.S. airman certificate holders to comply with the ICAO Language Proficiency airman certificate endorsement requirements. Certificates that are ordered as regular replacement certificates will include the endorsement. You can order a replacement certificate on-line or by mail. You will be asked to register with Online Services if you don't already have an on-line account. Note that there is a $2 fee for replacement airmen certificates. Change your address, Order a replacement certificate, Remove SSN as certificate number, Request temporary authority to exercise certificate privileges, Request verification of certificate privileges, Get notices of FAA safety meetings via email
COMMERCIAL RADIO OPERATOR, RESTRICTED RADIOTELEPHONE, AND
RESTRICTED RADIOTELEPHONE-LIMITED USE RADIO SERVICES (47 CFR Part 13) Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent United States government agency. The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite and cable. The FCC´s jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. possessions. At least one person on each aircraft flying or communicating internationally must have a Restricted Radiotelephone Operator Permit [FCC CORES: RR - Restricted Operator] This requirement is in addition to the requirement to have an aircraft radio station license for the aircraft. No Restricted Radiotelephone Operator Permit is required to operate VHF radio equipment on board an aircraft when that aircraft is flown domestically. You may obtain a Restricted Permit using FCC Form 605. No test is required to obtain this permit. The FCC will mail the permit to you and it will be valid for your lifetime. The fee for a Restricted Permit is in addition to any fee paid for an aircraft license. The FCC 605 Main Form must be filed in conjunction with this schedule.
SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE (SUA)
provides a source to display airspace closure information providing scheduling data for Special Use Airspace (SUAs) and Military Training Routes (MTRs).
U.S. & Territories Airport Lookup
All data is provided by National Airspace System Resources (NASR). This official FAA resource provides extensive airport information [Airport Operations, Airport Contacts, General Remarks, Airport Communications, Radio AIDS To Navigation, Weather Data Services, Runways, & Heliports].
FAA Airport Diagrams
Airport Diagrams are specifically designed to assist in the movement of ground traffic at locations with complex runway/taxiway configurations at towered airports and provide information for updating geodetic position navigational systems aboard aircraft. Airport Diagrams can also be found in back of the Airport/Facilities Directories.
Continental United States - Enhanced Radar Image Loop
The National Weather Service (NWS) provides weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts and warnings for the United States, its territories, adjacent waters and ocean areas, for the protection of life and property and the enhancement of the national economy.
GlobalAir.com
A web-based aviation information site that has customized how the standard airport directory is presented. This site allows full access to airport information including weather and navaids on a single page without having to scroll through a mile of content.
Windyty, S.E.
Created by Ivo an addicted kiter, helicopter and jet pilot dedicated to wind, waves and powder snow. He created this weather visualization tool to aggregate and render GFS, NEMS and ECMWF data models.
The Experimental Aviation Digital Data Service (ADDS), showcases new aviation weather products, innovative
visualizations, and data services. ADDS is a free public service produced by the National Center for Atmospheric
Research (NCAR) with funding provided by the FAA's Aviation Weather Research Program (AWRP) and the NextGen Network
Enabled Weather (NNEW) program.
General Weather InformationThe Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA) web page is intended to provide the necessary aviation weather information to give users a complete picture of the weather that may impact flight in the continental United States (CONUS), Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean, and portions of the Atlantic Ocean. The web page includes observational data, forecasts, and warnings that can be viewed from 14 hours in the past to 15 hours in the future, including thunderstorms, clouds, flight category, precipitation, icing, turbulence and wind. Hourly model data and forecasts, including information on clouds, flight category, precipitation, icing, turbulence, wind, and graphical output from the National Weather Service’s National Digital Forecast Data (NDFD), are available.
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1" Hg = 1,000ft ±6% feet altitude
TERRAIN ELEVATION = (MSL Tower Height - AGL Tower Height) INDICATED ALTITUDE CALCULATION = ((Altimeter Current - Altimeter Previous) * 1000) STATUTE MILE[s] = (Nautical Mile[s] * 1.1507794480235425) NAUTICAL MILE[s] = (Statute Mile[s] * 0.8689762419006479) EAC - Enroute Aeronautical Charts = 1 Inch : 47NM JNC - Jet Navigation Chart (JNC 43-45) = 1 Inch : 27.43NM WAC - World Aeronautic Charts = 1 Inch : 13.7NM [16SM] SAC - Sectional Aeronautic Charts = 1 Inch : 6.86NM [8SM] TAC - Terminal Area Aeronautic Charts = 1 Inch : 3.43NM [4SM] FAHRENHEIT = (((9 / 5) * Celsius) + 32) CELSIUS = (((5 / 9) * (Fahrenheit - 32) CLOUD BASE [ESTIMATED] = ((((Temperature - Dew point) / 4.4) * 1000) + Station Altitude) ADF (FIXED CARD): Magnetic Heading = ((Magnetic Bearing - Relative Bearing [Arrow]) [if < 0] + 360) ADF (FIXED CARD): Magnetic Bearing = ((Magnetic Heading + Relative Bearing [Arrow]) [if > 360] - 360) ADF (MOVABLE CARD): Magnetic Bearing = Relative Bearing [Arrow] degrees to the right [if HDG is set to Magnetic Heading] STANDARD WEIGHTS [PHAK CH9] = Gasoline = 6.0 lb/gal…Jet A = 6.8 lb/gal…Jet B = 6.5 lb/gal…Oil = 7.5 lb/gal…Water = 8.35 lb/gal CENTER OF GRAVITY [INCHES] = ((Total Moment / Total Weight) * index [1;100;1000] ) MOMENT = ((Weight * Arm) / index [1;100;1000] ) TRUE to MAGNETIC = ADD West Variation & Right Wind Angle; SUBTRACT East Variation & Left Wind Angle CROSS WIND = Wind Speed * SIN{ (Headwind Runway[degrees] - Wind Direction[degrees]) * 0.0174532925 }
TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE, PRESSURE, WIND, & MISC Weather Conversions
The forecast office in Salt Lake City is part of a nationwide network of offices under the National Weather Service (NWS). The NWS is a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce. MISC WEATHER INFORMATION Air Masses are large bodies of air in which temperature and humidity are fairly uniform horizontally. Source Regions are characterized by uniform surface conditions. AIR MASS CLASSIFICATIONS: cPk cAk mTw mEw SURFACE REGIONs: c = continental, m = maritime SOURCE REGIONs: P = Polar, A = Artic, T = Tropical E = Equitorial SOURCE vs. SURFACE TEMPERATUREs: k = colder, w = warmer
NOAA SOLAR CALCULATOR
Find Sunrise, Sunset, Solar Noon and Solar Position for Any Place on Earth. This solar calculator is provided for research and entertainment purposes only. Due to variable atmospheric conditions and uncertainty inherent in the algorithms used, the actual observed values of sunrise, sunset and solar position may differ from the results presented here.
IFRwx Flight Planner ™ [BETA VERSION]
This utility acquires pertinent information about the selected Departure & Arrival Airports as well as the current METAR information. The information is then processed to determine "ESTIMATED" Pressure & Density Altitude, Cloud Base, and Frost/Freezing Level. This tool will continuously be modified and updated to provide additional information in assisting with flight planning requirements.
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